- home
- about
- founder & publisher
- editorial boards
- advisory board
- for authors
- call for papers
- archive
- online first
- editorial policy
- participation fee
- contacts
THERMAL SCIENCE
International Scientific Journal
Find this paper on
THE ADOPTION OF NOVEL COOLING LIQUIDS FOR ENHANCING HEAT TRANSFER PERFORMANCE OF 3-D INTEGRATED CIRCUITS WITH EMBEDDED MICRO-CHANNEL
ABSTRACT
The nanofluids (including MWCNT based nanofluid and SWCNT based nanofluid) and liquid metal Ga68In20Sn12 are proposed to replace the conventional water as cooling liquid of micro-channel for enhancing heat transfer performance of 3-D integrated circuits (3-D IC) in this paper. An equivalent thermal model of 3-D IC with integrated micro-channel is established to investigate the heat transfer performances for using different cooling liquids. The results show that the steady-state temperature for MWCNT based nanofluid, SWCNT based nanofluid and Ga68In20Sn12 as cooling liquids can be reduced over 25.698%, 28.771%, and 35.735% than the conventional water scheme in a four-layers stacked chip, respectively. Besides, it is found that the steady-state temperature of all die layer in 3-D IC can be further reduced by increasing the micro-channel size and flow velocity of cooling liquid. Therefore, the proposed novel materials (i.e., nanofluids and Ga68In20Sn12) as cooling liquids have excellent application prospect in solving thermal problems of 3-D IC.
KEYWORDS
PAPER SUBMITTED: 2024-04-14
PAPER REVISED: 2024-05-20
PAPER ACCEPTED: 2024-05-26
PUBLISHED ONLINE: 2024-08-18
DOI REFERENCE: https://doi.org/10.2298/TSCI240414175H
CITATION EXPORT: view in browser or download as text file
REFERENCES
[1] Xu, P., Pan, Z.-L., Thermal Model for 3-D Integrated Circuits with Integrated MLGNR-Based Through Silicon Via, Thermal Science, 24 (2020), 3B, pp. 2067-2075, 10.2298/tsci180507321x
[2] Huang, H., et al., The Integration of Double-Layer Triangular Micro-Channel in Three-Dimensional Integrated Circuits for Enhancing Heat Transfer Performance, Case Studies in Therm. Eng. 58 (2024), 104363, 10.1016/j.csite.2024.104363
[3] Rikitu, E. H., Makinde, O. D., Entropy Generation and Heat Transfer Analysis of Eyring-Powell Nanofluiflow Through Inclined Microchannel Subjected to Magnetohydrodynamics and Heat Generation, International Journal of Thermofluids, 22 (2024), 100640, 10.1016/j.ijft.2024.100640
[4] Makinde, O. D., Makinde, A. E., Thermal Analysis of a Reactive Variable Viscosity TiO2-PAO Nanolubricant in a Microchannel Poiseuille Flow, Micromachines, 14 (2023), 6, 1164, 10.3390/mi14061164
[5] Sindhu, S., et al., Hybrid Nanoliquid Flow Through a Microchannel with Particle Shape Factor, Slip and Convective Regime, HFF, 32 (2022), 10, pp. 3388-3410, 10.1108/hff-11-2021-0733
[6] Kefene, M. Z., et al., MHD Variable Viscosity Mixed Convection of Nanofluid in a Microchannel with Permeable Walls, IJPAP, 58 (2020), 12, pp. 892-908, 10.56042/ijpap.v58i12.36784
[7] Monaledi, R. L., Makinde, O. D., Entropy Generation Analysis in a Microchannel Poiseuille Flows of Nanofluid with Nanoparticles Injection and Variable Properties, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 143 (2021), 3, pp. 1855-1865, 10.1007/s10973-020-09919-x
[8] Huang, J.-H., et al., Experimental Study on Thermosyphon Boiling in 3-D Micro-Channels, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 131 (2019), Mar., pp. 1260-1269, 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.11.147
[9] Shimizu, H., et al., Sensitive Determination of Concentration of Nonfluorescent Species in an Extended-Nano Channel by Differential Interference Contrast Thermal Lens Microscope, Anal. Chem., 82 (2010), 17, pp. 7479-7484, 10.1021/ac1017088
[10] Fan, Y., Luo, L., Recent Applications of Advances in Microchannel Heat Exchangers and Multi-Scale Design Optimization, Heat Transfer Engineering, 29 (2008), 5, pp. 461-474, 10.1080/01457630701850968
[11] Buongiorno, J., et al., A Benchmark Study on the Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluids, Journal of Applied Physics, 106 (2009), 9, 094312, 10.1063/1.3245330
[12] Zeeshan, A., et al., Computational Intelligence Approach for Optimising MHD Casson Ternary Hybrid Nanofluid over the Shrinking Sheet with the Effects of Radiation, Applied Sciences, 13 (2023), 17, 9510, 10.3390/app13179510
[13] Zeeshan, A., et al., Electromagnetic Flow of SWCNT/MWCNT Suspensions in Two Immiscible Water- and Engine-Oil-Based Newtonian Fluids Through Porous Media, Symmetry, 14 (2022), 2, 406, 10.3390/sym14020406
[14] Ellahi, R., The Effects of MHD and Temperature Dependent Viscosity on the Flow of Non-Newtonian Nanofluid in a Pipe: Analytical Solutions, Applied Mathematical Modelling, 37 (2013), 3, pp. 1451-1467, 10.1016/j.apm.2012.04.004
[15] Zeeshan, A., et al., Mixed Convection Flow and Heat Transfer in Ferromagnetic Fluid over a Stretching Sheet with Partial Slip Effects, Thermal Science, 22 (2018), 6A, pp. 2515-2526, 10.2298/tsci160610268z
[16] Ellahi, R., et al., A Study of Heat Transfer in Power Law Nanofluid, Thermal Science, 20 (2016), 6, pp. 2015-2026, 10.2298/tsci150524129e
[17] Pradhan, N. R., et al., The Specific Heat and Effective Thermal Conductivity of Composites Containing Single-Wall and Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes, Nanotechnology, 20 (2009), 24, 245705, 10.1088/0957-4484/20/24/245705
[18] Ahmad, S., et al., Radiative SWCNT and MWCNT Nanoflui-flow of Falkner-Skan Problem with Double Stratification, Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 547 (2020), 124054, 10.1016/j.physa.2019.124054
[19] Berber, S., et al., Unusually High Thermal Conductivity of Carbon Nanotubes, Phys. Rev. Lett., 84 (2000), 20, pp. 4613-4616, 10.1103/physrevlett.84.4613
[20] Nasrin, R., Alim, M. A., Free Convective Flow of Nanofluid Having Two Nanoparticles Inside a Compli-cated Cavity, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 63 (2013), Aug., pp. 191-198, 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2013.03.068
[21] Hodes, M., et al., On the Potential of Galinstan-Based Minichannel and Minigap Cooling, IEEE Trans. Compon., Packag. Manufact. Technol., 4 (2014), 1, pp. 46-56, 10.1109/tcpmt.2013.2274699
[22] Muhammad, A., et al., Comparison of Pressure Drop and Heat Transfer Performance for Liquid Metal Cooled Mini-Channel with Different Coolants and Heat Sink Materials, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 141 (2020), 1, pp. 289-300, 10.1007/s10973-020-09318-2
[23] Yang, X.-H., et al., Flow and Thermal Modeling and Optimization of Micro/Mini-Channel Heat Sink, Applied Thermal Engineering, 117 (2017), May, pp. 289-296, 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.12.089
[24] Yazid, M. N. A. W. M., et al., Heat and Mass Transfer Characteristics of Carbon Nanotube Nanofluids: A Review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 80 (2017), Dec., pp. 914-941, 10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.192
[25] Deng, Y., Liu, J., Design of Practical Liquid Metal Cooling Device for Heat Dissipation of High Perfor-mance CPUs, Journal of Electronic Packaging, 132 (2010), 3, 031009, 10.1115/1.4002012
[26] Abubakar, S. B., Sidik, N. A. C., Numerical Prediction of Laminar Nanoflui-flow in Rectangular Micro-channel Heat Sink, Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences, 7 (2015), 1, pp. 29-38
[27] Kalteh, M., Investigating the Effect of Various Nanoparticle and Base Liquid Types on the Nanofluids Heat and Flui-flow in a Microchannel, Applied Mathematical Modelling, 37 (2013), 18-19, pp. 8600-8609, 10.1016/j.apm.2013.03.067
[28] Sarafraz, M. M., et al., Fouling Formation and Thermal Performance of Aqueous Carbon Nanotube Nanofluid in a Heat Sink with Rectangular Parallel Microchannel, Applied Thermal Engineering, 123 (2017), Aug., pp. 29-39, 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.05.056
[29] Amrollahi, A., et al., Convection Heat Transfer of Functionalized MWNT in Aqueous Fluids in Laminar and Turbulent Flow at the Entrance Region, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 37 (2010), 6, pp. 717-723, 10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2010.03.003
[30] Liu, H.-L., et al., Heat Transfer Performance of T-Y Type Micro-Channel Heat Sink with Liquid GaInSn Coolant, International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 120 (2017), Oct., pp. 203-219, 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2017.06.008
[31] Tawk, M., et al., Numerical Study of a Liquid Metal Mini-Channel Cooler for Power Semiconductor Devices, Proceedings, 17th International Workshop on Thermal Investigations of ICs and Systems (THER-MINIC), Paris, France, 2011, pp. 1-6
[32] Liu, C., He, Z., High Heat Flux Thermal Management Through Liquid Metal Driven with Electromagnetic Induction Pump, Front. Energy, 16 (2022), 3, pp. 460-470, 10.1007/s11708-022-0825-9
[33] Zhang, M., et al., Flow and Thermal Modeling of Liquid Metal in Expanded Microchannel Heat Sink, Front. Energy, 2023 (2023), 17, pp. 796-810, 10.1007/s11708-023-0877-5
[34] Liu, Z., et al., Compact Lateral Thermal Resistance Model of TSVs for Fast Finite-Difference Based Thermal Analysis of 3-D Stacked ICs, IEEE Trans. Comput.-Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst., 33 (2014), 10, pp. 1490-1502, 10.1109/tcad.2014.2334321
[35] Baodong, S., et al., Multi‐objective Optimization Design of a Micro‐channel Heat Sink Using Adaptive Genetic Algorithm, Int. Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Flui-flow, 21 (2011), 3, pp. 353-364, 10.1108/09615531111108512
[36] Shi, B., Srivastava, A., Optimized Micro-Channel Design for Stacked 3-D-ICs, IEEE Trans. Comput.-Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst., 33 (2014), 1, pp. 90-100, 10.1109/tcad.2013.2279514
[37] Arshad, W., Ali, H. M., Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in a Straight Minichannel Heat Sink Using TiO2 Nanofluid, Int. J. of Heat and Mass Trans., 110 (2017), July, pp. 248-256, 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.03.032
[38] Kumar, R., Mahulikar, S. P., Effect of Temperature-Dependent Viscosity Variation on Fully Developed Laminar Microconvective Flow, International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 98 (2015), Dec., pp. 179-191, 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2015.07.011
[39] Xu, P., et al., Thermal Performance Analysis of Carbon Materials Based TSV in Three Dimensional Integrated Circuits, IEEE Access, 11 (2023), July, pp. 75285-75294, 10.1109/access.2023.3297222
[40] Cengel, Y. A., Heat and Mass Transfer: A Practical Approach, McGraw-Hill, Boston, Mass., USA, 2007
[41] Husain, A., Kim, K.-Y., Design Optimization of Micro-Channel for Micro Electronic Cooling, Proceedings, ASME 5th Int. Con. on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels, Puebla, Mexico, 2007, pp. 201-207, 10.1115/icnmm2007-30053
[42] Xia, G. D., et al., The Characteristics of Convective Heat Transfer in Microchannel Heat Sinks Using Al2O3 and TiO2 Nanofluids, Int. Communications in Heat and Mass Trans., 76 (2016), Aug., pp. 256-264, 10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2016.05.034
[43] Xue, Q. Z., Model for Thermal Conductivity of Carbon Nanotube-Based Composites, Physica B: Condensed Matter, 368 (2005), 1-4, pp. 302-307, 10.1016/j.physb.2005.07.024
[44] Hayat, T., et al., Melting Heat Transfer in Stagnation Point Flow of Carbon Nanotubes Towards Variable Thickness Surface, AIP Advances, 6 (2016), 1, 015214, 10.1063/1.4940932
[45] Zhang, X.-D., et al., Experimental Investigation of Galinstan Based Minichannel Cooling for High Heat Flux and Large Heat Power Thermal Management, Energy Conversion and Management, 185 (2019), Apr., pp. 248-258, 10.1016/j.enconman.2019.02.010
[46] Mizunuma, H., et al., Thermal Modeling and Analysis for 3-D IC with Integrated Microchannel Cooling, IEEE Trans. Comput.-Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst., 30 (2011), 9, pp. 1293-1306, 10.1109/tcad.2011.2144596
[47] Nimmagadda, R., Venkatasubbaiah, K., Two-Phase Analysis on The Conjugate Heat Transfer Performance of Microchannel with Cu, Al, SWCNT, And Hybrid Nanofluids, Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications, 9 (2017), 4, 041011, 10.1115/1.4036804
[48] Gong, L., et al., Thermal Management and Structural Parameters Optimization of MCM-BGA 3D Package Model, International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 147 (2020), 106120, 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2019.106120
[49] Scognamillo, C., et al., Numerical Analysis of the Thermal Impact of Ceramic Materials in Double-Sided Cooled Power Modules, Proceedings, 26th International Workshop on Thermal Investigations of ICs and Systems (THERMINIC), Berlin, Germany, 2020, pp. 1-5, 10.1109/therminic49743.2020.9420509
[50] Vasilev, M. P., et al., Effect of Microchannel Heat Sink Configuration on The Thermal Performance and Pumping Power, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 141 (2019), Oct., pp. 845-854, 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.07.031
[51] Choudhury, B. K., Gouda, M. K., CFD Analysis of Heat Transfer in Liquid-Cooled Heat Sink For Different Microchannel Flow Field Configuration, in: Advances in Air Conditioning and Refrigeration (Eds. M. Ramgopal et al.), Springer Singapore, Singapore, 2021, pp. 381-393, 10.1007/978-981-15-6360-7_35
[52] Wang, H., et al., Influence of Geometric Parameters on Flow and Heat Transfer Performance of Micro-Channel Heat Sinks, Applied Thermal Engineering, 107 (2016), Aug., pp. 870-879, 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.07.039
[53] Lim, SK., Design for High Performance, Low Power, and Reliable 3D Integrated Circuits, Springer, New York, USA, 2013, 10.1007/978-1-4419-9542-1
[54] Ohadi, M., et al., Next Generation Microchannel Heat Exchangers, Springer, New York, USA, 2013, 10.1007/978-1-4614-0779-9
© 2026 Society of Thermal Engineers of Serbia. Published by the Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International licence