The dynamics of two-phase flow and the thermal distribution characteristics within an epidemic prevention surveillance vehicle exert a profound influence on the risk of cross-infection among occupants and their comfort levels. In this study, numerical simulation techniques are employed to comprehensively analyze the two-phase flow motion and thermal distribution characteristics inside the vehicle. Specifically, the research explores the impact of modular temperature and humidity control on two-phase flow behavior and spatial thermal distribution. The findings indicate that the maximum aerosol concentration recorded was 7.2×10-17 μg/m3 at a height of 1.5 m above the vehicle floor. Additionally, as the temperature rises, the intensity of the two-phase flow motion concomitantly increases, while the level of humidity exhibits an inverse trend. From the perspective of in-vehicle comfort, the modular temperature and humidity zoning control approach contributes to a more homogeneous distribution of air velocity and temperature within the epidemic prevention surveillance vehicle. Consequently, this configuration offers an augmented level of thermal comfort for both medical personnel and patients