With the development of intelligent sports equipment, the high intensity operation of its core components generates significant amounts of heat, impacting device stability and user experience. This paper constructs a thermal energy management model coupled with dynamic loads. Using a smart spinning bike (FitPro S7) as the research object, this paper analyzes the thermal storage characteristics of three energy storage materials (PCM-1, PCM-2, and EB-1) at different ambient temperatures (293 K, 303 K, and 313 K) and operating powers (100 W, 200 W, and 300 W) through experiments and simulations. Results show that PCM-2 achieves a significantly higher energy storage efficiency of 68.3% ± 1.2% at 303 K and 300 W than PCM-1 (p = 0.023). A variance analysis indicates that power has a 42% influence on energy storage efficiency, followed by material type (35%). The deviation between simulation and experimental results is 3.2%, validating the effectiveness of the model. This research provides theoretical support and solution reference for dynamic thermal management of intelligent sports equipment. This research provides manufacturers with actionable guidelines: PCM-2 is recommended for high power equipment (300 W) to maintain >65% efficiency, while the model enables optimizing cooling system design (e.g., heat sink size) to enhance device stability and user safety.