TY - JOUR
TI - Synergistic liquid cooling design and optimization for 18650 battery modules in electric bicycles
AU - Sun Jiaye
AU - Cai Lihua
AU - Chen Yujie
AU - Fang Haifeng
JN - Thermal Science
PY - 2026
VL - 30
IS - 3
SP - 2343
EP - 2355
PT - Article
AB - Thermal accumulation during charging of lithium-ion batteries in electric  bicycles seriously endangers safe operation. To address the thermal  management of 18650 cylindrical battery modules, a composite liquid cooling  strategy with bottom-internal synergistic cooling is proposed. Among the  three channels (A, B, and C), Type C has the best heat dissipation  performance, reducing the maximum battery temperature to 58.016°C under 2C  discharge conditions. Optimization via 16 orthogonal tests identifies the  optimal parameters: channel height 3.2 mm, spacing 13.5 mm, and fillet  radius 5 mm. This parameter combination further lowers the maximum battery  temperature to 57.552°C, while reducing the coolant temperature difference  by 2.089°C and the channel pressure drop by 131.5 Pa. The innovative  internal symmetrical cooling layout solves the inadequacy of traditional  cooling, suppressing the maximum battery temperature to 39.837°C, which is  30.78% lower than the optimized bottom cooling scheme. It also reduces the  maximum temperature difference inside the module to 13.126°C and improves  temperature uniformity by 40%. This synergistic cooling strategy  significantly enhances thermal safety, offering a practical and efficient  thermal management solution for electric bicycle battery modules.
DO - 10.2298/TSCI2603343S
ER -